Watercolours of Moreno dalla Vecchia

I love admiring paintings and sculptures. Among the different styles of paintings, my favourite is watercolours. This post is about a watercolour artist from Schio (VI), Moreno dalla Vecchia, who is also the president of the Schio's association of artists.

Recently I talked to Moreno during an exhibition of local artists held at Toaldi-Capra palace in the city centre.

Moreno's Artistic Evolution

Moreno loved art ever since he can remember. Seeing his artistic skills, his teachers suggested that he should study art. Thus, after completing middle school, in late 1960s he decided to join the art school in Padova. He studied there for five years.

He followed it for another 2-years' course for teaching art. However he decided to not to work as a teacher, instead he chose to work in public administration. Moreno retired four years ago from his public administration job. During his working life, being an artist was a parallel life for him. He feels that having a separate job allowed him to be more independent in his artistic evolution because he didn't need to earn from his art.

He has continued to learn and practice art ever since. For example, after completing art school, for about 10 years, he joined an art group in Vicenza called La Soffitta, created by Otello de Maria. Here, artists can meet, talk, and learn from each other. In this period, he experimented with oils, design and water-colours. He said, "Initially I was afraid of water-colours, I can't explain why but I was hesitant to try it. However, once I started to work with water-colours, I never stopped, I have continued to work with this medium." 

Moreno had started with oil paintings, and experimented with other techniques including acrylic, tempera, graffite and frescoes, before coming to water-colours. He has even taught oil painting and likes oil paintings.

Regarding his approach to water-colour painting, he said, "Now I am trying to get away from using photographs, to a slightly more real depiction of my subjects. I am thinking of this new approach but it is not yet very clear. Usually, when we paint we follow our mental images and not the reality of things as they are."

Artists' Association of Schio

Scledense Artists' group is about 50 years old. It did not even have a room and used to
meet in a bar. It is a space for meeting, talking and supporting each other. In June each year, the city and Scledense artists traditionally organise an open-air art exhibition called Sareo Art Festival. At the same time, they organise a thematic art competition for the primary and middle schools of Schio.

About the activities of their association, Moreno explained, "With time, other initiatives were added to Sareo festival, such as organisation of exhibitions in different city-spaces such as the Toaldi-Capra Palace. When Schio had the orchids and flowers exhibition, we also participated by having an exhibition on art about flowers. For example, the present exhibition has 5 artists from the city. Then, we have another initiative planned for Christmas and the end of year, which will focus on still-life."

There was a time when this group had 80 members, but now they are much less, around 30 persons and Moreno dalla Vecchia is its president. For him, it was important to be a part of this group since it kept alive his interest in art by getting new ideas, learning from others. He said, "We organised initiatives, we displayed our art, I also took part in some art competitions."

Art Courses in Schio

After completing his studies, Moreno came back to Schio, and he joined the Artists' group. One of his first initiative was to organise art courses. Together with another artist, Moreno organised an evening course for design and painting.

He said, "Around 15 persons came to the first course, sometimes they had no idea about art. The course lasted five evenings. Later on, I became the president of our association and started organising solo courses on water-colours. Some of my students have grown to become good artists. For example, Mari Baldissarotto, who is also a part of this exhibition, was one of my students, who has become a wonderful artist."

In Conclusion

Every time I meet persons like Moreno, who have cultivated a passion for all their lives alongside a 9-to-5 daily job, I feel a great admiration for them. There are so many others who say that they did not get time to do what they really wanted in their lives, because they had a full-time job.

I am sure that persons like Moreno, need to make sacrifices for keeping alive their passion. At the same time, their dedication to their passion means that their families get lesser time and attention. It would have been an interesting theme to discuss with him, however, I did not talk about it to Moreno. 

*****

The Longilineal Women Sculptures of Arcisa Stefani

Arcisa Stefani is a sculptor and artist from Schio, who is known for her women's sculptures with thin, tall and elongated bodies. This post is about her, her art and her artistic journey.

Her sculptures make me think of the Mannerism style of art which had developed in Italy during late renaissance in 17th century. Some time ago, I had already written a post about some of the contemporary artists who show elongated bodies inspired from the Mannerism style in their art.

Let me start with a brief introduction about Mannerism, before presenting Arcisa and her sculptures.

Mannerism style of art in late renaissance period

In the 14th century, the beginning of the renaissance period in Italy saw important innovations in the works of artists. For example, the Lombard school saw a move towards realism, while in Tuscany, the artists, starting with Brunelleschi, developed the use of perspective in art. These refinements reached their peak in the works of masters like Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo and Raphael during the 1500s.

This period was followed by an art movement known as "Mannerism", characterised by a compression of space, along with an elongated proportions of some body parts, specially necks, arms and legs. Different modern artists have been inspired by this style, especially for making tall thin women-bodies with elongated necks and limbs.

Arcisa Stefani

Arcisa had studied commerce at School and worked in sales for almost 25 years, before discovering the artist in her. She and her husband had a shop. She is retired now. 

Thirty years ago, Arcisa fell in love with the sculptures of Mario Converio, the resident sculptor of Schio. She decided that she also wanted to do something similar and became a disciple of Mario, and learned from him.

Then she joined an evening course for adults at the Schio's art school (Liceo artistico Martini). There, she worked with models and learned anatomy, postures, etc. Thus, coupled with the practical skills learned from Mario and the formal training at the art school, she started to experiment as a sculptor, while she formally continued to work in sales.

Once she started sculpting, she has never stopped. She loves working with clay. She prefers using her hands, though sometimes she can need instruments, to sharpen the edges or to give specific effects. About her work as an artist, she pointed to a sculpture and said, "For example, I had used a small rake like instrument to make those lines on the shawl."

The clay sculptures need to be heated at high temperatures (around 1,100 C). She gets it done at an industrial furnace on the way to Vicenza. The temperature needs to rise gradually over a period of few days to reach the maximum and then come down equally gradually. Thus, the sculptures need to stay at the furnace for about a week.

She uses few colours in her work. About the use of colours, she said, "Sometimes I add a little colour after baking the sculpture in the furnace. At home I have a few with colours, but I prefer the natural look. Once, I tried to experiment by adding coloured glass pieces, which I had collected at a beach, it came out very beautiful. However, in the furnace, one of the glass pieces popped out and got into another sculpture, at the arm of the figure. I gave some colour around it and it looked like a bracelet on that sculpture."

Her sculptures mostly have women with elongated and tall bodies, a few are couples or children. She also likes to make sculptures of hands and feet, which were taught to her by a professor who use to teach art-history.

Regarding her process of giving form to her sculptures, she said, "With time and experience, I have changed and evolved as an artist. Earlier, I was inspired more by looking at the works of other artists. Now I use my own imagination. When I am sculpting, I am in my own world, I forget the world, and can spend hours without realising how many hours have passed. Sometimes, I start with an idea but while working, I change and modify the initial idea."

The artists who have inspired her include Bruno Lucchi, based in Levico Terme. She said, "I had seen his exhibition in Vicenza and had met him. He works a lot with horizontal lines and I have copied it from him. However, I also use a lot of vertical lines, which he does not.

In Conclusion

I think that Arcisa's story of discovering her passion for sculpting after visiting an art exhibition, is very inspiring to all those persons who discover their passions later in life.

I love the sculptures of Arcisa. In a recent exhibition held at Toaldi-Capra palace in the city centre of Schio, I saw some of her works showing couples and children, which I had not seen before. The elongated bodies of her sculptures express fragility and strength at the same time.

*****

Exploring Emotional Geographies: Silvio Faggin

My friend Silvio explores and expresses emotions, sensations and feelings through photography. A few years ago, Silvio had a brain-stroke when an artery in his brain was blocked by a blood clot. He was fortunate to survive that experience. During his recovery he discovered a new way of using photography to express himself. (Note: Click on the images for a bigger view)

I was also very much into photography till a few years ago and never went anywhere without my camera. With my work in development programmes in different countries, it was a way of documenting as well as, a way of discovering countries, communities and people.

Silvio goes into photography in a completely different way, searching for emotions and feelings. His images are about capturing moods, lights, sensations, they do not bother about rules and norms of "good" photography.

For example, I love the water-colour painting like effect he can get in some of his images. This post is about Silvio Faggin, his life and his photography.

 

Silvio's Life

Silvio was born in Schio, and his first home was in Via Faccin. His father worked in making wooden furniture and he has a brother, 2 years older to him. While his brother wanted to study, Silvio says that he was not very keen to study and started working after finishing the middle school.

His first job was in a pharmacy but he did not like it and changed it after six months, when he heard about a job with a new company making electric systems. He learned on the new job and grew his skills in this field. Though he changed employers but he continued in this field of electric systems for all his working life.

In the mean time he married Patrizia and they have a son.

During mid-1980s, new design systems were introduced for making the electric systems called Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), which used computers and automation. Soon Silvio also got into PLC and thus started to work with computers. Over the years, this work grew into CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) machines. And thus, Silvio's work with computers also grew.

Silvio has travelled widely for work in a large number of countries, especially in North America and Europe. Apart from Italian, he knows Spanish and French, and over the years, has acquired proficiency in English.

Silvio's Brain Stroke

One evening in January 2018, while in the bathroom, Silvio had a brain-stroke. He was fortunate that his wife heard him and called the ambulance, which arrived quickly and took him to the Neurosurgery department in Vicenza hospital, where the doctors were able to operate and re-open his blocked artery. After about 10 days in ICU, he regained consciousness.

The stroke had caused weakness in right half of his body and loss of speech. After his recovery, he slowly regained strength in the right side of the body. However, recovering his capacity to speak took much longer - he had to work for it with a speech-therapist for about 2 years.

Silvio's Special Experience

At the time of the brain-stroke, while he lay unconscious in the bathroom, Silvio had a special experience. He felt that he had separated from his body and was visiting the eternity in the cosmos - however, these words do not express his experience adequately. He finds it to difficult to express this experience in words. He feels that this experience changed him in profound ways but again finds it difficult to explain how.

Though now he can speak, but often he continues to struggle with finding the words to express himself. Sometimes, he needs to search for the words on his mobile phone. Thus, conversation with him is punctuated with silences.

While we were talking about out-of-body experiences during the stroke, we joked about his famous cousin, Federico Faggin's book Irreducible, which is about connections between consciousness and quantum physics, (which I have just started to read but find it a little challenging to understand).

Silvio's Passion for Photography

Silvio had a camera before his stroke and he used to take pictures with it, like usual photographs. After the stroke, he discovered a new passion for photography, which was different, in the sense that now it is a way for experiencing and expressing emotions.

He explains it with the following words: "When I see something that moves me or touches me in a particular way, I want to express that emotion through my photography. I manipulate the manual settings of my camera, till I can achieve that particular emotion and click a picture. Often that first picture expresses my emotion and my way of seeing the reality."

The way he explains it, it seems that he is not experimenting with different camera settings to see different effects they can produce, but rather, using a particular setting for achieving a precise effect that he can foresee in his mind.

He downloads those images on his computer and on mobile-phone and likes to look at them to experience and re-live those same emotions.

Photography Without Technical Manipulation

A couple of months ago, I went to see a photo-exhibition with Silvio. I was surprised to discover his complete disdain for pictures which are manipulated through the different image-editing programmes. I had imagined that his own pictures were a result of similar manipulations. He was very vehement about it and insisted that he only works with manual settings on his camera and does not like making any changes with image-editing software.

Another time, while talking to him about the countries he liked, he mentioned Spain in the early 1970s, when it had just come out of Franco's dictatorship and still much less-developed. At that time also he said that he liked it because it was "less-frenetic" and more like the life in the old times.

Maybe it is that fondness for simpler lives in pre-technological era, that determines his refusal to use computer to enhance or modify his pictures?

Some years ago, I had written a post about "Zen of Photography", where I had explained how while taking pictures, I feel more isolated and can feel more deeply the things I am photographing. Silvio's experience with photography seems to me like another kind of Zen experience, where he imagines and feels the world in a specific way and then tries to capture that feeling in a picture.

In Conclusion

I feel that some of our intimate experiences are very specific to us and not easy to explain to others. We try to use common words to express them so that others may get a glimpse of what we feel, but it is an almost impossible task. In the end, each one of us is free to interpret and imagine what those words can mean.

There is another thought in my mind. We all need to communicate, because it creates connections between us and others. However, when our ability to communicate in one way is limited, we need to find other ways to express ourselves. So the question I ask myself is - has Silvio's stroke limited his ability to articulate his thoughts in the way he used to do it earlier, and because of it, he has developed a new and different way to feel the world and express himself through photography?

I want to conclude this write-up with an image of a place (above) where Silvio often goes with his dog for long walks. Even I love evening-walks in this part of Schio because I love its gentle hills and the way this area gets illuminated at sunset.

Silvio is a prickly person, easily provoked and he has his specific views about the world, things and life. Occasionally, I like provoking him to hear his indignant "NO!", when he does not agree with my ideas. For example, I wanted to have his picture for this write-up but could not convince him. However, I am glad that he agreed to share about his experiences.

*****

#photography #creativephotography #silviofaggin #schio #altovincentino #veneto

 

Weaving Emotions & Relationships Through Photography

Anastasia Moro, known in art as A.MO., with the Metamorfosi Gallery Association in Vicenza, are part of an exhibition called Tessere La Storia (Weaving the History) being held at Spazio Shed in Schio (VI) from 4th till 20th October 2024.

A.MO. was a resident artist invited to Schio earlier this year, when she visited various places and interacted with people from the city. This exhibition is a result of that experience.

The Artist: Anastasia Moro

A.MO. studied at the art school in Padova and graduated from the Inst. of Fine Arts in Venice. She now has her art studio in Borgo Veneto near Montagnana (PD). She is interested in searching for ancient artistic traditions and experimenting with them. She has been experimenting with different materials and forms.

Her work for this exhibition is a continuation of something she had started in 2023, when she had used photographs of persons' faces by weaving and mixing them together to create  collage of relationships. These works were part of an exhibition called Sacre Relazioni (Sacred Relations), held in Vicenza the final quarter of 2023.

The exhibition in Schio, goes a step further by bringing in specific places, weaving and mixing them together and exploring their relationships.

Metamorfosi Gallery Association

It is a cultural association, born in 2011 with the idea of promoting the work of local artists active in visual arts and graphics, and organises exhibitions and events. They have been part of different interesting artistic events, mainly around Vicenza and Padova. You can check their webpage and their Facebook page for more information.

Tessere La Storia Exhibition in Schio (VI), Italy

Spazio Shed is an old wool factor, converted into a big exhibition space. A.MO.'s exhibition has a mix of some giant works and some smaller works. At the same time, it is also possible to see the works created for the exhibition held in Vicenza in 2023.

I loved the sensations and feeling evoked by A.MO.'s works. Bringing together of rectangular pieces of images to compose a bigger image, reminded me of Eva Trentin's works, but a deeper look showed that the similarity between the two artists is only superficial, they come from different directions and explore different spaces.

Anastasia explained that she weaves together and mixes two black-and-white
photographs till she gets the effect that she desires. To this mix, she sometimes add silver strips, so that they can reflect the viewers and make them a part of the relationship. Sometimes, the two photographs are of the same subject, may be from different angles, at other times she can bring together two different subjects.

During her Schio-residency, she stayed at San Francesco church building, thus this building and its surroundings appear in more than one of her art-works. Usually, she starts with an idea of the effect she wants to achieve in her mind and then experiments till she gets there. She does not use digital photo-manipulation in her works.

Among her art-works presented with this post, I especially love the ones related to Mother Bakhita monument and the one in the abandoned hall of Fabbrica Alta with the papier-meché heads created for the last carnival of Schio. 

In the End

I think that it is very interesting to have an artist in residence for creating site-specific art that links with specific sites and persons in the city and gives the residents a new vision and understanding of their familiar spaces.

I found Anastasia's art-works very striking during the exhibition because of their power to evoke strong sensations and emotions. At the same time, I like looking at their high-resolution pictures for micro-views of specific pieces to understand how light and darkness interact and stimulate deeper feelings.

After living in Schio for so many years, it is refreshing to see the familiar buildings, monuments and spaces in unexpected and unfamiliar ways.

***

#photo_exhibition #installations #anastasiamoro #metamorfosi_gallery #schio_art

Portrait of an Artist: Mauro Marzari

Our little town has many public spaces for art and culture events. These continue to provide me with opportunities to discover new artists.

During a recent evening walk in the city centre, I came across the poster of an art exhibition by local artists at the Toaldi-Capra Palace and I immediately decided to take a look. Apart from some lovely watercolours, the exhibition had a few collages with mixed materials, which immediately caught my attention. All the exhibits were without titles or names of the artists. Thus, I went to ask information about the artist of the collages and discovered that he was present in the room. This is how I met Mauro Marzari, the "reluctant" artist of those collages.

This post presents my short conversation with him.

Artistic Journey of Mauro Marzari

Mauro is from Piovene Rocchette, a small town located some 7-8 km from Schio. Mauro has retired after a lifetime of working in public administration.

He explained that he was always interested in arts, and he dabbled in oil paintings. However, he decided to be sensible and look for a stable job, and not try to become an artist.

Many years later, when his family responsibilities were done, he decided to go back to his first love, the arts and joined a four years' degree course in arts at an evening course run by the Institute of Arts in Schio, while continuing to work full-time. The course gave him an opportunity to learn and experiment with different painting and sculpture techniques, and discover his own ideas about the kind of art he wanted to create.

The 5 works of Mauro, that I saw in the exhibition, all have a distinct style - they are collages with acrylics and paper. I liked all the 4 works and I think that I can look at them for long time and discover new details. My favourite is the canvass with a predominant blue colour (below).

Becoming an Artist

While talking to him, it came out that he does not feel that he can define himself as an artist, though he loves art and spends a lot of time making art. He feels that artists are persons who have dedicated their lives to the craft and have suffered all the hardships of the life for their art. About himself, he feels that he had a comfortable life and came to art when he was stable and did not have financial and family worries. Thus, he never suffered for his art.

This discussion reminded me of my feelings of being an imposter as an "Indian writer" at the Grinzane Awards in Turin in 2007, which had a focus on Indian writers and I had collaborated with them for inviting some Hindi writers. At that time, I had written a few stories and ran blogs in Hindi, English and Italian, but I did not have a book to my name and for me that was the criteria for being a writer. Now that I have completed my second novel, I feel more comfortable in being called a writer.

In the End

I loved Mauro's works. I hope that he can continue to find joy in his art and continue to develop and explore new areas as an artist.

In the end it does not matter the label we give ourselves or the labels others give us. In this era of attention-hungry influencers and publicity-peddlers, it is good to be humble and insecure, and enjoy what we do without feeling the need to show-off. 

***

#arts #artists #schio #palazzotoaldicapra #schio_arts #mauro_marzini

Art Exhibition - Visioni d'Arte

The art exhibition titled Marcopolo Travels - Visioni d'Arte was held at Palazzo Toaldi-Capra in Schio recently. It was curated and organised by Roberto Settin, who represents different artists and organises public exhibitions to sell their works.

This year is the 700th anniversary of the death of Italian merchant-traveller Marco Polo and thus different events have been organised in Italy on the theme of travel and journeys, especially in the Veneto region. It was also the theme of the art-exhibition of Visioni d'Arte.

Roberto Settin and his agency Visioni d'Arte

I had a brief talk with Roberto at the exhibition. He started this agency Visioni d'Arte in Bassano del Grappa during the shut-downs due to the Covid epidemic. He felt that he knew about the artists, the way the art markets work and has the international connections, so he can help artists to have viable strategies for selling their works.

To explain, how he can help artists, he gave the example of understanding the value of the art. He said that sometimes, new artists have unrealistic expectations about the kind of money they can get for their work and he helps them to have more realistic ideas. Often new artists can just manage to cover the cost of their materials and gain a small margin. Having their names and works in an exhibition-catalogue increases the value of their work over time.

To present their art-works in such an event, the artists need to contribute to the costs of organising the exhibition. For an exhibition in a small town like Schio, the costs are much less, compared to exhibitions in big towns like Venice or Milan. At the same time, small towns have lesser visitors and less sales.

Roberto is also an artist. He explained that the orange lion placed outside the exhibition hall was his creation. Roberto can be contacted through his Facebook page.

Art-Works in the Exhibition

The art-works in the exhibition were on different themes and many were not directly about travel, unless we think of travel as flights of fantasy and imagination. I want to briefly mention a few art-works from this exhibition, which I liked.

Let me start with 2 oil paintings using spatula - Rose in black and white by Annalisa Trento and In flight by Bianca Mengotti.

 

Marco Eracli, an artist based in Florence,  had 4 works in the exhibition, using acrylic with mixed techniques, that gives a wonderful texture to his work. Among all of them, I liked most the art-work titled Star-dust. Carlotta Castelletti also used acrylic but she used the wall-paper fabric for her striking work titled Madam.

Antonio Miatto does sculptures and collages. Among his works, I liked his collage titled "The Sea" and the wood-metal sculpture of the fish with a hole, titled "Without a heart". 

I liked the 3 oil-on-canvass paintings - 2 of them by Mara Zanchetta - "Freedom" with its red and black colour scheme and "Hair-curlers" with a feisty looking woman. The third one was "Hathor" by Monia Sansa.

The mixed material work by Cristiano Sandonà, uses some synthetic resin materials mixed with acrylic on glass - his work titled "For You" was simple and evocative. I also liked the mixed material work with wood and other recovered materials titled "Diversity is not the enemy" by Mattia Tegon.

Conclusions

I feel that art is very subjective, even more so, when the artists vary so much in their subjects, techniques and materials. Thus, deciding awards or who is the best, does not make sense to me.

Another aspect is liking some art-work at an intellectual level. It is another thing to decide which art-work I would like in my room, so that I can look at it daily.

From this point of view, I think that I would like the works of 3 women artists on my wall in my room - Bianca Mengotti, Carlotta Castelletti and Monia Sansa. At an intellectual and aesthetic level, I also like the works of Marco Eracli and Mara Zanchetta.

Among the art-works presented here, which ones do you like most? Write in the comments below.

***

Mantra Photo Exhibition in Schio

During a recent evening walk, I visited a photo-exhibition at the beautiful Toaldi-Capra palace of Schio. The exhibition was titled Nel Mantra (In the Mantra) and it had stills from a short film made by a film-maker from Schio, Rocco Zaupa.

Photo-Exhibition

Many of the images in the exhibition were blurred, expressing motions and emotions, though from them it was difficult to make a rational idea about the film. At the beginning of the exhibition, a note explained that the underlying theme of the exhibition (and the film) was repetition, and thus the title, Nel Mantra, because a Mantra has to be repeated many times.

The images were from a short film about a film-shooting, in which a director named Gerda is directing two actresses. He makes them do the same scene again and again, till they are too tired to go on. This day of repetitions creates a kind of deep relationship between the director Gerda and one of the actresses called Anna.

Rocco Zaupa and Aurora Verducci

I had a brief interaction with Rocco and Aurora, two members of the team associated with the short film and this exhibition.

Rocco is from Schio, while Aurora is from Tuscany. They both met at the film school in Lucca (Tuscany).

They explained the basic idea of the film about repetition and how they can lead to the discovery of deeper meanings and connections. The images presented in the exhibition have been created from the videos they had shot for the film.

Comments

I can understand the idea of repetitions, by making you think and rethink of something, can lead you to see it from different angles and understand it better. It is a tiny idea and I am curious to see how they have translated this into an understanding of the relationship between two persons.

I think that even a decade ago, making a short-film on such a "tiny-sliver" of an idea and making an exhibition out of stills made from the video, would have been much more difficult, but today the technology helps to simplify everything and it is possible to take a wisp or a whisper, and make it germinate into something more substantial.

However, I am not sure if Mantra is the right word to express the act of repetitions leading to deeper or a different understanding, since Mantras are more about the sounds and not so much about meanings.

Credits

Photography & Post-Production: Federica Galiero

Graphics & Poster: Aurora Verducci

Photo Backstage: Federico di Malta

Video footage: Same Studio

Sound designer: Leonardo Santini

Text & Direction: Rocco Zaupa

***

Art from the Fascism Era

The art and architecture are influenced by the dominating ideologies of their times. The rise of fascist ideologies in Italy during 1920s and 30s, had influenced the art and architecture from that period.

Recently, I had an opportunity to visit an exhibition on this theme at MART museum in Rovereto (Italy). The image below shows the sculpture of a man at the exhibition entrance.

In this post, I want to share about some exhibits from this exhibition. There were hundreds of art-works including paintings, sculptures, posters, photographs and models in this exhibition. For convenience, I have sub-divided a few examples of those in 3 groups - influence of fascism on the arts, representations of Mussolini and the end of fascism.

You can click on the images of this post for a bigger view.

Art from the Fascist Era or the Fascist Art?

Some artists believe in the ideology and thus, their creative expressions are aligned with the ideals of that era. Other artists may not believe in the ideology but can be forced to follow the dominant dictates of that ideology.

In the second group, sometimes, artists' dissent against the dominant ideology may be expressed in hidden symbols or clever subversions of ideas. The image below shows posters about fascism from 1920s & 30s.

Fascist Ideology & Its Artistic Influences

Fascism means glorification of masculine virtues - tall, broad, strong, powerful and patriotic alpha males with square jaws, leading their families, communities and the country, to compete against, fight and dominate the men from other communities and countries, for the glory of their fatherland.

Women play a supporting role in this process, they are supposed to reproduce children, look after their families and communities, and admire their handsome men. (The image below has a sculpture of the war veteran and fascist leader Carlo Delacroix by the sculptor Antonio G. Santagata in 1928)

I had no idea about the impact of fascist ideology on the arts and thus, I was very curious to visit this exhibition. My friend Giorgio loves art and when he proposed that we go to Rovereto to see it, I immediately agreed.

The term "Fascism" comes from Fascia or Fascio, a covering or a band. For example, fascias can be the cords tying together bundles of grain-stalks. For this reason, often paintings from that era show bundles of grain-stalks tied together by the fascia. This term expressed the strength of being united.  Image below has a painting from this exhibition, showing bundles of grain-stalks.

Evolution of Fascism in Italy

The ideas of "Revolutionary Fascism" were launched after the end of second world war by the 34 years old Benito Mussolini around 1917. Five years later, in 1922, the king of Italy appointed the 39 years old Mussolini as the prime minister.

In 1925, Giovanni Gentile, the philosopher and the ideologue of fascism, launched the Manifesto of Revolutionary Fascism at Palazzo Fava in Bologna (that building today hosts a medieval museum).

Initially, the fascist ideology developed as secular, but over the 1930s, Mussolini developed closer links with the Catholic church. During 1930s, Mussolini also became closer to Hitler and Nazism, and the racial segregation laws targeting the Jews were enacted in 1938.

In 1943, the arrival of British-American allied forces in south Italy led to German occupation of remaining Italy and the conclusion of the fascism. Partisans killed Giovanni Gentile in 1944 and Mussolini was lynched in April 1945.

With this introduction, now let me come to some examples of the exhibits.

Artworks in the Exhibition: Influence of Fascism on Art During 1920s and 1930s

Fascist ideals of women and children were expressed through creation of specific movements with their black costumes, songs and parades. For example, the children were organised in the Ballila groups for physical and moral education. Ceramic statues from 1930s from the ceramic factories of Nove-Bassano and the statues by Elena Konig, shown below, represent these.

Designs made by the artist Achille Funi during 1930s for making frescoes in official buildings also show the influence of fascism (image below). Funi is credited with the Novecento art movement during 1920s and for bringing back fresco mural-paintings into vogue.

Mario Sironi was another artist, part of the Novecento movement, who worked on fresco mural-paintings. The image below, shows his works "the horse-rider" from 1934, illustrating men and horses, another favourite theme of fascism.

Italian futurism art movement had started in early 20th century, before the first world war. During late 1920s and 1930s, a second futurism-art movement came around, which was heavily influenced by fascism. The two images below show some examples of this phase of futurism-art.

 

This was the biggest section of the exhibition.

Artworks in the Exhibition: Art About Benito Mussolini

Mussolini as the supreme leader of fascism, was often represented in paintings and sculpture. As an icon of fascism, these representations often showed him as fighter and warrior, with square jaws, frowning brows and a scowl or even injured in a fist fight. Below you can see some examples of these icons.

Artworks in the Exhibition: Art About the End of Fascism

In 1943, the arrival of allied forces in south Italy signalled the end of  fascism and artists could finally express themselves openly. For example, the 1943 painting by Mino Maccari shows the end awaiting Mussolini.

In 1945, at the end of the second world war, Benito Mussolini was lynched and angry mobs had brought down his statues and broken them. One such bust of Mussolini, which had been created by sculptor Adolf Wildt in 1923, and was broken with hammers by an angry mob in 1945, illustrates that time (image below).

India in the Exhibition

The fascism-art exhibition also had a 1942 painting by Italian artist Adalberto Libera titled "The Ataturk Monument in Ankara", shown in the image below. It has a column of fire in the middle and round walls all around with the Sanskrit words "Vande Matram" written in Roman alphabet.

Libera is known primarily as an architect. I don't think that the painting shows the Ataturk monument, rather it shows India's independence struggle against the British, which might have been seen positively by the fascist regime. I don't know if Libera had by mistake added the Sanskrit words to his Ataturk painting or if the exhibition organisers have mistaken the painting-title.

In Conclusion

This exhibition on art from the fascism era was curated by the well-known Italian art historian, critic and author Vittorio Sgarbi. He is known for his abusive and polemical TV-show persona and I don't like watching him, but I liked the way he has curated this exhibition.

At the end I am haunted by the broken statue of Mussolini. It reminded me of images of statues of Lenin and Saddam Hussein being brought down by mobs. In this sense, history keeps on repeating itself - sooner or later, the dictators and the strongmen become prisoners of their own images and are unable to confront the reality in time, to stop themselves from the final inevitable showdown.

Let me conclude this post with another image from this exhibition - a 1939 painting by Cesare Maggi titled "Listening to the Duce's radio broadcast".

I think that the above painting is about the declaration of Italy joining Germany in the war. Most persons in the painting look sombre and are dressed in black, the colour of the fascists. I am intrigued by the man in the red shirt standing in the centre, who has military medals pinned on his shirt. Was that red colour used by the artist to give a strong focal point in the painting or was it a sign towards the role played by Italian partisans in the war, who had fought against the Mussolini regime? The hill in the background seems like San Luca in Bologna, which had a large network of partisans.

May be Maggi, usually known as an artist close to the fascist regime, was actually trying to express his dissent through this painting?

Perhaps a similar argument can be made about some of the busts of Mussolini, which seem to caricature a strongman persona?

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